Traditionally, on Saturdays, we publish answers to the quiz for you in the format of “Question - Answer”. Our questions are very different, both simple and quite complex. The quiz is very interesting and quite popular, but we just help you test your knowledge and make sure that you have chosen the correct answer, out of the four offered. And we have another question in the quiz - What in the past was not used for writing?

• papyrus
• boomasea
• parchment
• clay tablets

V.'s correct answer on the upper deck

Bumazeya, or Bombazin, is a fabric that has an incredibly interesting story. It is still not known for certain where this tissue came from. Some believe that it’s from Italy, others claim that it’s from France, while others believe that its roots lie in Spain. And most importantly - from the name of the fabric, its origin is also unclear. Bumazeya is a Russian interpretation of the original name of bomb shops, which dates back to the Spanish or French roots of the product. “Bombazine” or “bombasin” are translated from Spanish and French, respectively, as “cotton” or “cotton fabric”.

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Past Simple Past Uncertain Time

Examples of offers

At the checked-in desk I showed my passport and suitcases, took the boarding pass and proceeded to the departure lounge. In the registration desk I showed my passport and my suitcases, took a boarding pass and went to the waiting room. Molly took some flour, poured in a glass of water, added three eggs and mixed everything. Molly took a little flour, poured a glass of water, added 3 eggs and mixed everything. I want to go somewhere I want to go somewhere

Examples of offers

What music did you like when you were 11 years old? What kind of music did you like at age 11? When I was a little boy I wanted to be a pilot. When I was a boy, I wanted to be a pilot. She used to play tennis when she was at school. She played tennis when she was at school.

Examples of offers

The Olympic Games in London took place in 2012. The London Olympic Games were held in 2012. I moved to Milan two years ago and started working there. I moved to Milan two years ago and started working there. Thomas Edison made the world’s first electric light in 1887. Thomas Edison made the world's first light bulb in 1887.

Examples of offers

Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Mozart has written over 600 pieces of music. We didn’t hear the phone. We did not hear the phone.

Examples of offers

The train was going to Manchester from 6 to 8 PM. The train was on its way to Manchester between 6 and 8 pm. He was sitting by the window and was sipping a glass of wine the whole evening. He sat by the window and sipped a glass of wine all evening.

Examples of offers

While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain. While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain. The car started to make strange sounds when I was driving back home. The car began to make strange noises as I drove home.

Examples of offers

Ann was watching TV while Jane was doing physical exercises. Anna watched TV while Jane was doing exercises. They were discussing the company’s plans while the secretary was typing a letter. They discussed company plans while the secretary typed a letter.

Examples of offers

It was a quiet summer evening in Provence. The sun was going down, the colors were mellowing, the light breeze was blowing, leaves were whispering and the lavender odor was coming into the house. It was a quiet summer evening in Provence. The sun was setting, the colors were getting a softer shade, a light breeze was blowing, the leaves rustled and the smell of lavender entered the house.

Examples of offers

The police arrived quickly but the robbers had already gone. The police arrived quickly, but the robbers had already disappeared. When she got the salary she realized that her boss had given her a pay rise. When she received her salary, she realized that the boss had raised her salary.

Examples of offers

The flowers faded because nobody had watered them. Flowers wilted because no one watered them. His skin was red and hurt him as he had got a sunburn. His skin was red and painful because he got a sunburn.

Examples of offers

Had you been smoking for 20 years before you decided to give up? Have you smoked for 20 years before quitting? The children had been playing outside the whole day before it started to rain. Children played outside all day before it started to rain.

Circumstances of the time

The key to success in using past tenses correctly is knowing special marker words that refer to a specific time. They can help if we find it difficult to determine what time should be used in the English sentence. Each time has its own time indicator words. The main ones are shown in the summary table below.

Freemasonry in its past and present ... Wikipedia

Freemasonry in the past and present La Massoneria ieri e oggi Genre: History of Freemasonry

L’année dernière à Marienbad Genre Drama / Romance Director Alain René Producer ... Wikipedia

Last year in Marienbad, L Annee Derniere A Marienbad Genre Parable Director Alain Rene Script writer Alain Rob Grieux Starring Dolphin Seyrig ... Wikipedia

  - (L annee derniere a Marienbad) France Italy, 1961, 93 min. The existential parable. This film at the time of its appearance caused a storm of controversy, a lot of conflicting assessments from enthusiasm to complete rejection, becoming for a while almost ... ... Encyclopedia of the movie

To tie? ... Wikipedia

Letos, last year Dictionary of Russian synonyms. last year it was flying (simple); last year (outdated.) Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. A practical guide. M .: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011 ... Synonym dictionary

From the romance "Dark Cherry Shawl ...". The authors of words and music are unknown. The beginning of the romance: I don’t dream of the past now, And I don’t feel sorry for the past anymore. Only much and much will remind This dark cherry shawl. Encyclopedic dictionary of winged words and ... ... Dictionary of winged words and phrases

Once upon a time, the Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. in the distant past, called, number of synonyms: 6 in the old days (7) ... Synonym dictionary

Yesterday, on the eve of the Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. in the recent past, called, number of synonyms: 2 yesterday (17) ... Synonym dictionary

It used to be, before, once, in the days of old, in the old days, in the old days, earlier, in the old days, behind, when, in due time, during it, at one time, in the past, the Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. in the past called, count in synonyms: 17 happened ... Synonym dictionary

Books

• Crimea. Pages of history from ancient times to the present. Historian. Magazine on the current past, Rudakov V. (ed.). A special issue of the historian magazine has been prepared for the fifth anniversary of the reunification of Crimea with Russia and is devoted to key events in the long history of Crimea. For the first time about the distant and recent past ...
• Cultural memory. Writing, memory of the past and political identity in the high cultures of antiquity, Jan Assman. This book will be made according to your order using the Print-on-Demand technology. The book of the Heidelberg Egyptologist Professor Jan Assman is dedicated to the role that the memory of ...

The first script that arose on Earth is Sumerian. It happened about 5 thousand years ago.
  Their writing is called cuneiform in its later form.

• monogenesis (invented in the 1st place)
• polygenesis (in several foci).

Writing is presented in 3 primary foci, the connection of which is not proven:

1. mesopotamian (Sumerians)
2. egyptian (according to the theory of monogenesis brought from the Sumerians)
3. written language of the Far East (Chinese, according to the theory of monogenesis brought from the Sumerians).

Writing everywhere develops uniformly - from drawings to written characters. Pictography turns into a graphic system. Picturesque letters turn into language graphics not when drawings disappear (for example, drawings were used in Egypt, but this is not picture letters), but when we can guess what language the text is written in.
  Sometimes, instead of writing, people sent different things to each other.
Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the V century. BC e., talks about the "letter" of the Scythians to the Persian king Darius. The Scythian messenger came to the Persian camp and placed gifts for the king, "consisting of a bird, a mouse, a frog and five arrows." The Scythians did not know how to write, so their message looked like this. Darius asked what these gifts mean. The messenger replied that he was ordered to hand them to the king and immediately return. And the Persians themselves must unravel the meaning of "writing." Darius consulted for a long time with his soldiers and finally said how he understood the message: the mouse lives in the ground, the frog lives in the water, the bird is like a horse, and the arrows are the military courage of the Scythians. Thus, Darius decided, the Scythians give him their water and land and submit to the Persians, giving their military courage.
  But the commander of the Persians, Gobriy, differently interpreted the "letter": "If you, Persians, do not fly away like birds into the sky, or like mice do not hide in the earth, or like frogs do not run into lakes, then you will not go back and fall under the blows of our arrows "
  As you can see, the subject letter can be interpreted in different ways. The history of the war between Darius and the Scythians showed that Gobri turned out to be right. The Persians could not defeat the elusive Scythians who roamed in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea coast, Darius with his army left the Scythian lands.
  Actually the letter, the descriptive letter began with drawings. Writing with drawings is called pictography (from the Latin pictus - pictorial and Greek grapho - I write). In pictography, art and writing are indivisible, so archaeologists, ethnographers, art historians, and written historians are engaged in cave paintings. Everyone is interested in their own area. For the historian of writing, the information contained in the figure is important. A pictogram usually indicates either some life situation, for example, hunting, or animals and people, or various objects - a boat, a house, etc.
  The first inscriptions were about household concerns - food, weapons, supplies - items were simply depicted. Gradually, there is a violation of the principle of isomorphism (i.e., a reliable image of the number of objects - how many vases are, we draw so much). The image loses touch with the subject. Instead of 3 vases, now there is a vase and 3 dashes that convey the number of vases, i.e. quantitative and qualitative information are given separately. The first scribes were to divide and recognize the difference between qualitative and quantitative signs. Then iconism develops, its own grammar appears.
At the turn of the 4th - 3rd millennium BC. e. Pharaoh Narmer conquered Lower Egypt and ordered to perpetuate his victory. A relief pattern depicts this event. And in the upper right corner is an icon that serves as a signature for the reliefs. The falcon holds a rope threaded through the nostrils of the human head, which, as it were, comes out of a strip of land with six stems of papyrus. The falcon is a symbol of the victorious king; he holds the head of the defeated king of the North on a leash; the land with papyri is Lower Egypt, papyrus is its symbol. Its six stems are six thousand prisoners, since the papyrus sign means a thousand. But could the name of the king be conveyed by drawing? How is it known that his name was Narmer?
  It turns out that at this time the Egyptians from the drawings had already begun to distinguish signs that denoted not a painted object, but the sounds that made up its name. The picture of a dung beetle meant three sounds of KhPR, and the picture of a basket meant two sounds of NB. And although such sounds remained drawings, they have already become phonetic signs. In the ancient Egyptian language there were words with one-, two- and three-letter syllables. And since the Egyptians did not write vowels, monosyllables depicted a single sound. When the Egyptians had to write a name, they used one-letter hieroglyphs.
  The transition from concrete to abstract objects, which does not correspond to the visual image. Chinese characters arose from drawings (13th century BC) Until now, the hieroglyphs have changed little, but the grammar of the language has changed (a modern Chinese person can read texts written in BC, recognizes characters, but does not catch the point). The drawing is stylized, simplified, standardized.
  In the end, in all the centers of the globe, signs begin to display sounds. Signs were tied to the sound of a whole word. Using such a letter was very difficult - this is art. A very complex writing system, but it satisfied the ancients, because it could be used only by a limited caste of people for whom this knowledge was a livelihood.
  The need to quickly write down complex and long texts led to the fact that the drawings were simplified, became conditional icons - hieroglyphs (from the Greek hieroglyphoi - sacred letters).
  In the 12-13 centuries. BC. in the Middle East - the time of the appearance of Sinai inscriptions. This is a step towards a sharp reduction in the number of written characters. Signs that denoted a syllable were developed. Writing has become syllabic. For different words, the combination of consonant and vowel is different.
Thanks to the presence of such single-syllabic characters denoting one sound, it stood out from the complex writing system alphabet. The Phoenicians, having become acquainted with these letters, based on them created their alphabetical letter, simplifying the signs of syllable writing. An indifferent vowel has been attributed to each sign of this writing. Arabs and Jews used writing without vowels. There was a complex system of guessing, which nonetheless gave constant failures. Later, a vowel system appeared, but nonetheless, Jews and Arabs used the letter without vowels in everyday life.
  The Greeks borrowed the Phoenician system. Greek is Indo-European. The Greeks introduce signs for vowels - this is a coup. The Greeks invented a complete writing system. All the vowels were portrayed. Later they began to depict stress (place and type), aspiration. We also introduced an image of prosodiki (an analogue to notes), which is impossible in the case of Russian writing and therefore is not used by us.
  Can I answer the question: who, what person invented the writing system? Who was the first to use alphabetical writing? There is no answer to these questions. The emergence of writing was caused by the demand for the life of society and the state, the economic activity of people - and writing appeared. But alphabets were created later, in the era of our, new era, educated people of their time. So, Cyril and Methodius created a letter for the Slavic languages. Mesrop Mashtots created an alphabetical letter for the Armenian language. Together with his students, Mashtots went to different countries to study writing. It was "a real scientific, perhaps the first linguistic expedition in the world that set as its goal the development of the alphabet," wrote D. A. Olderogge, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
  The peoples of the Far North and Siberia had no written language before the October Revolution. Now, researchers at the Institute of the Northern Peoples have created an alphabetical letter for them.
  There were many illiterates in the Tajik Republic, since the Arabic script used by the Tajiks was very complicated. Now Tajiks write in Tajik in Russian letters.
  Writing is created in the countries of modern Africa.

If it seems that only the current generation is doing something out of the ordinary, it is enough to pay attention to what happened relatively recently. You can make sure that our ancestors did things that now seem simply wild and impossible.

1. The use of cocaine as a remedy
Cocaine was recommended even to children, those who could not quickly fall asleep. He was part of the remedies for cough, insomnia, they also relieved toothache. All of these compounds were widely advertised and were actively sold in pharmacies.

2. Sending children by mail
  Although this photograph is staged specifically, the fact of sending the children in the package is indeed confirmed. So in the New York Times for 1913 you can find the article “BABY BOY BY PARCEL POST: Rural Carrier Safely Delivered 10? Pound Infant to grandmother ”, which tells the story of how the carrier Vernon Little delivered a baby,“ well wrapped up and ready to be shipped by mail, ”from his parental home to his grandmother. The author ends his story as follows: "The postage was fifteen cents, and the parcel was insured for $ 50." Just a year later, The Times released another article about a two-year-old child who was brought from his grandmother's house to his aunt. the distance between the houses was twenty-three miles. Finally, The Times published an article about a letter to the attorney general from a family who wanted to send a child by mail from Georgia to Pennsylvania. Parents inquired about the details and details of this postal package.

3. Window boxes for babies
  In the UK in the 30s of the last century, this phenomenon was common. Thus, they “walked” the child while mothers did household chores. Obviously, such cells were considered safe and beneficial.

4. Doubtful medical treatments
  Lobotomy, bloodletting with or without, cutting the tip of the tongue when stuttering, electric shock treatment ... Needless to say, such methods were mostly not only useless, but often left the person with a disability. Nevertheless, they were used, which is now scary to even think about.

5. Toys with polonium and uranium
  In the 50s of the XX century, radiation was not considered something dangerous. Perhaps that is why toys, in particular kits for creating a laboratory that creates atomic energy, were not out of the ordinary and were sold in ordinary stores. Yes, these kits contained uranium and plutonium, of course, with microscopic doses.

6. The human zoo
  The shameful practice in which blacks were shown to entertain and amuse the public flourished quite recently. People were exposed for fun, at the same time leading them out with monkeys. The picture with a black girl was taken in Belgium in 1958.

7. Excursions to homes for the insane
The doors of some psychiatric institutions where the insane were kept were open to visitors. So, in the 17th century, Bethlehem Hospital provided an opportunity for everyone to visit this institution for 2 pence in order to see with real examples what a vicious life leads to. Then it was believed that "madness" arises as a result of the excessive sinfulness of man.
The insane were kept in terrible conditions. The rooms were crowded with sick people, some of whom were chained to the walls. Patients were kept almost in the dark. There was a stench in the rooms, chained in chains and half-dressed and practically had no opportunity to move around.

8. Smoking can help calm nerves for pregnant and lactating women.
  Smoking 70 years ago was considered something not just ordinary, but even useful. In particular, cigarette advertising claims that they are so soft that they can be smoked even by pregnant and lactating women to relieve stress.

9. The Garden Hermit
  In Germany in the 18th century, rich people had a fashion for hermits, who were kept in the garden and demonstrated to guests. The hermit was forbidden to cut his hair, to wash, and his house was a grotto or shelter such as a hut. Such "Fridays", dressed in rags, of course, could be afforded only by extremely wealthy and noble people.

10. A collection of different parts of the body
  Now this desire to become the owner of such a collection will give rise to well-founded assumptions about mental disorders, but some time ago such trophies were very common for soldiers returning from war. In the photo is an American girl who writes a letter of thanks to her boyfriend and soldier who sent her a trophy (1944). In the second photo - Major General Horatio Gordon Robley with his collection of Maori tattooed heads (New Zealand, 1895).

Finally, some more interesting historical photos


  Airtight gas mask to protect babies during an air raid. The stroller has a cover with a window and a respiratory filter. On the back of the stroller there is a rubber bulb, with which the exhaust air is squeezed out, and inside, passing through the filter, fresh air comes from the street (1938).

  A way to reassure children in a nursery.